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In December 2020, the IZA Institute of Labor Economics published a paper by professor and economist Daniel S. Hamermesh. In the paper, "Moms' Time—Married or Not," the Barnard Distinguished Scholar analyzes the life of partnered mothers versus unpartnered mothers, and how they differ in time management, mood, and behavior. His findings indicate that marital status has a significant impact on happiness, as non-partnered mothers were more likely to feel depression, dissatisfaction with their lives, and time pressure. In contrast to partnered mothers, unpartnered mothers also spent less time with childcare and household production, and children of unpartnered mothers received about forty percent less parental care.